The Guadalupe Valley aquifer is the only water source for one of the most important wine industries in Mexico, and also the main public water supply for the nearby city of Ensenada. This groundwater is monitored for major ion, N-NO3, P-PO4, Fe, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Sb concentrations, as well as TDS, pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature. High concentrations of N-NO3 (26 mg l)1 ), Se (70 lg l)1 ), Mo (18 lg l)1 ) and Cu (4.3 lg l)1 ) suggest that groundwater is being polluted by the use of fertilizers only in the western section of the aquifer, known as El Porvenir graben. Unlike the sites located near the main recharge area to the East of the aquifer, the water in El Porvenir graben has low tritium concentrations (<1.9 TU), indicating a premodern age, and thus longer water residence time. No significant variations in water quality (generally <10%) were detected throughout 2001–2002 in the aquifer, suggesting that reduced rainfall and recharge during this dry period did not significantly affect water quality. However, the wells nearest to the main recharge area in the Eastern aquifer show a slight but constant increase in TDS with time, probably as a result of the high (200 L S)1 ) uninterrupted extraction of water at this specific recharge site. Relatively high As concentrations for the aquifer (10.5 lg l)1 ) are only found near the northern limit of the basin associated with a geological fault.

A regional groundwater flow model was developed, in order to evaluate the water table behavior in the region of the Guadalupe Valley, in Baja California, Mexico. The State of Baja California has been subject to an increment of the agricultural, urban and industrials activities, implicating a growing water-demand. However, the State is characterized by its semi-arid climate with low surface water availability; resulting in an extensive use of groundwater in local aquifer. Based on historic piezometric information of the last two decades, however, a negative evolution could be observed, resulting a negative storage volume. So far, there is not an integral hydrogeological evaluation that determine the real condition of the groundwater resource, and that permit to planning a management of the Guadalupe Valley Aquifer. A steady-state calibration model was carried out in order to obtain the best possible match to measured levels at the Guadalupe Val[1]ley Aquifer. The contours of calculated water table elevations for January 1983 were reproduced. Generally, the comparison of the observed and calculated water table configurations have a good qualitative and quantitatively adjustment. Nowadays, it is count with a hydrogeological model that can be used for simulates the groundwater flow in the region of the Guadalupe Valley.

A groundwater flow model was developed in order to study the water table behavior and to evaluate several groundwater management alternatives in the Guadalupe Valley Aquifer, Baja California, Mexico. During the simulation of the geohydrological model of the Guadalupe Valley Aquifer is used a two-dimensional groundwater flow model and the information proportionate for the National Commission of Water, the State Public Services Commission of Ensenada, as well as the information generated by academic and research works carried out in the study zone, about the geohydrological conditions that present the Guadalupe Valle Aquifer. A groundwater flow simulator is modified and improved from the numerical point of view. Now, the groundwater flow simulator counts with subroutines to consider the effects of variables as evapotranspiration and surface water flow (or drains). Both steady-state and transient calibration were carried out in order to obtain the best possible match between the calculated and the measured water table elevation in the Guadalupe Valley Aquifer. Based on the analysis of the collected information, the beginning of the simulation period is February of 1984, and the evolution of the aquifer for a period of 21 years is calculated, using a sampling interval of one month. According to the simulator results, are reproduce the configurations of the phreatic surface for those periods with field observations. Among them are the phreatic surfaces of May 1985, June 1988, April 1990, May 1998, September 2001, March 2003, February 2004, April 2004, June 2004, October 2004 and April 2005. In general, the comparison of the phreatic surface configurations, observed and calculated, have a good adjustment qualitative and quantitatively speaking. In particular, is calculated an indicator of adjustment between the calculated data by the numerical simulator and the measured data in the field for a finite number of wells, whose result is satisfactory, according to the thesis objectives. In addition, in the whole simulation period (1984-2007) is appreciated a trend of the water table depletion in the aquifer. Validation of the simulator results is developed throughout the comparison with the measured water table elevation generated in the six sampling campaign (2004-2005) carried out as a complementary work of this thesis. Six groundwater management alternatives of the Guadalupe Valley Aquifer (2007-2025) were analyzed. Throughout the simulation of the groundwater management alternatives, the goal of the analysis was to seek the total maximum volume of groundwater discharge (that is, the optimum according to the objectives of this thesis). These alternatives are classified in four types of scenarios, among them are included the scenarios designed to evaluate the possible effects of the current groundwater management alternative, to supply in the future the current volume of groundwater if the recharge of water is reduced, to supply in the future an increment of the current volume of groundwater if the recharge of water is reduced, and to supply in the future a volume of groundwater discharge considered as sustainable. Finally, as a result of this thesis was developed an integrated hydrogeological evaluation that determines the conditions of the groundwater resource and permits planning a management of the Guadalupe Valley Aquifer. In addition, based on the simulation results can be established a technical criteria and define strategies for the management and sustainable conservation of the groundwater resources.

The reason for this research is to find out who were the Molokans and the reasons why they escaped from Imperial Russia. To this end, it is necessary to search in the backgrounds of the Orthodox Christianity. Separation of the Catholic Church and Greek Catholicism was in 1054, and six hundred years later, in 1654, a new division inside Russian Orthodox Church took place. The result of this new division was the “Old fashioned Christian believers”. In 1905, a colony of Russian farmers established in the North region of Baja California, in the Valle de Guadalupe, which currently is named Francisco Zarco or “Russian community”. Even though this article does not reach to a conclusion as to classify this group, it is expected that this research offers insights to discover ethnical kinships amidst all the colonizers of the valley. In a future; regardless we do not have enough historical data, some susceptible lines of action could be designed to suggest certain archeological sites that will help to explain their ethnicity.

For the prestigious Mexican historian, Miguel León-Portilla, the Yumans of Baja California were not Indians of warfare, but rather Indians of peace. In the opinion of this researcher, it was because living in the stage of fossilized-paleolithic, these Indigenous groups did not present any kind of resistance against the European colonization, making possible their easy domination and afterwards diminishment or assimilation. This paper questions these advancements not only because of their lack of technical precision, but also because they obscure the role of agency that these Indians played during the missionary period. On the contrary, this paper endorses Edward Spicer (1962) thought about resistance as present even among those groups who were not seriously engaged in significant fights against the Spanish conquerors. In the particular case of the Yuman people, this is a resistance challenging the Pueblo Indio project and its related implications in terms of sedentary lifestyle, agricultural economy and the adoption of a scheme of central authority. As we know, these patterns were opposed to those observed among the Yumans as nomads, hunters and gatherers, organized into a segmentary lineage system. Moreover, the kind of resistance described in this paper constitute what James C. Scott (1990) refers as the hidden and daily life transcripts, such as ingenuity, intelligence simulating ignorance, and irony, as well as, those economic and social practices studied by Jan Rus (1995), which include mobility and appropriation of the missionary site. All of these acts with the intention of perpetuating the presence of these Indigenous people and make possible their social reproduction.

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